Quantum Aware Distributed Ledger Technology …

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number of blockchain (DL) IoT systems are available, such as [10, 11], etc., there is

still no widely accepted framework [7, 12]. The DL was initially suggested by cryp-

tocurrencies (Bitcoin) to preserve a history of economic transactions. Nevertheless, it

createsunusualdifficultiesbyadoptingDLtechnologyforIoT-basedoperations.First

of all, transactions are heavily linked to an input/output relationship in a cryptocur-

rency. Any new transaction would redeem the coins before locked by a traditional

transaction. Though the transaction contents differ from the cryptocurrency in an IoT

setting. A model of an IoT performance is the data produced by a sensor. The linkage

of transactions of IoT to a legitimate string is. Therefore, a problem for IoT-based

DLs [4]. Second of all, in a cryptocurrency, the size of a DL usually is quite big (as

an example, the current volume of the Bitcoin ledger is around 200 GB), but IoT

connections are restricted into stock. Third, DLs implement a computer-based cost-

effective consent technique like ethereum’s consensus algorithm (Proof-of-Work) to

enable new operations or data block to be added to the repository. As IoT devices

are energy and computation-limited, they are not suited to PoW-like consent mecha-

nisms [13]. In one end, the Digital signature design applied through the classic DLs

(such as Ethereum, Bitcoin) is the elliptic curve, which is not a quantum-safe algo-

rithm [14]. The famous Shor algorithm allows an opponent to break ECDSA by a

quantum computer that is sufficiently efficient [15]. DL technology will revolution-

ize IoT, but the convergence of two technologies presents challenges [7, 16]. Before

the combination of the pair technologies, the related problems need to be carefully

regarded. These difficulties are due to IoT gadgets that do not have the required

calculation, communication, storage, and energy [5]. While blockchain-based IoT

applications become suggested, such as [5, 10, 13, 17], it remains, however, an

emerging research field without a widely accepted framework [7]. IoT systems can-

not hold loads of consensus-like PoW structures. In addition, IoT devices cannot

support a constantly increasing leader scale [18]. Finally, the digital signature sys-

tem applied through the standard DLs is not immune to quantity [14]. For IoT-based

systems, we discuss a quantum-secure DL, Blockchain-for-IoT, in this chapter. The

DL proposed, recognizes, and discusses various issues related to Distributed Ledger

technology adoption for IoT methods. We tackle four trials: Quantum Resilient Sig-

nature (QR), Scalability Ledger (LS), Transaction Chaining (TC), and Lightweight

Consensus (LWC). This chapter developed the aimed Blockchain for IoT using a

new STS scheme, Blockchain-STS, a lightweight, energy-efficient, and fast STS.

The chapter was structured as follows: Part 2 comprises the corresponding work.

Part 3 outlines our design frame. Part 4 contains the STS scheme for DL construction.

In Part 5, a quantum-safe DL for IoT operations is discussed, and Parts 6 and 7 assess

the safety and success of our plans. Lastly, Part 8 ends with valuable guidelines for

the future study.